书名：新中国对外贸易体制与实践：1949-2019（英文版）pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载

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作者：王万山,裴长洪,杭州荻雪文化创意有限公司译

出版社：社会科学文献出版社

出版时间：2020-04-01

书籍编号：30611845

ISBN：9787520160094

正文语种：英文

字数：522397

版次：1

所属分类：历史考古-中国史

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书名：新中国对外贸易体制与实践：1949-2019（英文版）

作者：王万山

译者：杭州荻雪文化创意有限公司

出版社：社会科学文献出版社

出版日期：2020-04-01

ISBN：9787520160094

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Chapter One A Centralized Management System, 1949-1952

I Historical Background

After the First Opium War, China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity were seriously damaged. The country also lost its independence in foreign trade, which became completely dependent on the colonial empires, and therefore a kind of foreign trade characteristic of a semi-colony. Colonial empires, by virtue of various privileges, using treaty ports and concessions as strongholds and under the aegis of agreement on tariffs and consular jurisdictions, dumped goods and plundered resources in China, boosting the rapid development of China’s foreign trade as a semi-colony and semi-feudal state. According to historical data, from 1868 to 1913, the total value of foreign trade increased seven times from more than 120 million liang to 970 million liang, and then to 2,280 million liang in 1929. After the Mukden Incident, a vast territory in the northeastern and northern parts of China was occupied by the Japanese colonial empire. Following the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the coastal ports were seized one after another, so that the foreign trade in Kuomintang-ruled areas almost stagnated. However, by the time of the surrender of Japan in 1945, the foreign trade of the Kuomintang-ruled areas quickly surpassed the highest level in history. It should be specially pointed out that the development of foreign trade in old China was handled under the control of colonial empires, hence it was not a normal trading system.

China’s foreign trade when the country was semi-colonied and semi-feudal was in many ways abnormal, but it played a unique role in history. On the one hand, it was an instrument of colonial empires and of a bureaucrat-comprador bourgeoisie for plundering and exploiting the Chinese people. On the other hand, it accelerated the disintegration of China’s foreign trade as an autocratic feudal state and the collapse of the natural economy, facilitated the development of capitalism in China, and allowed China to become fully involved in the worldwide capitalist market. The scope and quantity of traded commodities were unmatched by those at any other time in the history of China. Moreover, it played a certain role in the establishment of modern Chinese industry and in the development of international economic and technological exchanges.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, domestic conflicts and tensions abroad were complicated. Internationally, Western countries imposed political isolation, economic blockades and military sieges on the new republic. Domestically, the People’s Liberation War had not completely ended yet. The Kuomintang (KMT) and millions of troops were recalcitrant in the southwestern and southern parts of China as well as on the coastal islands. In economic terms, the new republic inherited an extremely backward economic mess riddled with problems. Due to the long-term indiscriminate issue of banknotes, prices soared and there was speculation and chaos on the market, the entire economy was in a fragmented state, production was shrinking, traffic was blocked, people’s livelihood was hard-pressed, and unemployment was prevalent. Faced with the difficult fiscal and economic conditions, the Chinese government took a series of important measures to stabilize prices and to establish uniform control of financial affairs. A year later, inflation was controlled, prices became stable, and fiscal revenues were close to a balance. Under such circumstances, the Communist Party of China (CPC) held the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee in June 1950. Mao Zedong made a written report at the meeting and proposed to the whole party and the entire population that the central task at the current stage was “working for a fundamental turn for the better in the nation’s financial and economic situation”. The Third Plenary Session promptly put forward the strategic policies in the Recovery Period of the National Economy of China. Through the reasonable adjustment of industry and commerce, it not only quickly reversed the situation of shrinking production and operations of private companies, but it also eased the tension in public-private relations and labor relations.

The period from the founding of the People’s Republic of China in October 1949 to the end of 1952 was a preparatory stage for China to carry out national economic recovery and socialist economic construction. After three years of hard work, China’s national economy recovered. By the end of 1952, the national industrial and agricultural production exceeded the highest level in history. In 1952, the gross industrial and agricultural output value of the country increased by 77.5 percent over 1949, of which the gross industrial output value increased by 145 percent, and the gross a

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