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书名:梯航百货万国商:海上丝绸之路货币与贸易(泉州)pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载
推荐语:社会科学文献出版社出版荣誉出版
作者:李冀平编
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间:2018-12-01
书籍编号:30611793
ISBN:9787520118835
正文语种:中文
字数:92479
版次:1
所属分类:历史考古-中国史
版权信息
书名:梯航百货万国商:海上丝绸之路货币与贸易:泉州
作者:李冀平
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间:2018-12-01
ISBN:9787520118835
。
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序一
周卫荣
2016年9月,中国钱币学会在泉州召开“丝绸之路货币与贸易”全国学术研讨会时,我曾跟中国人民银行泉州市中心支行和泉州钱币学会的同志谈起,我们应该办一个海上丝绸之路货币与贸易方面的展览,以引导公众“以史解今”理解当下我国的“一带一路”倡议。时隔一年,泉州钱币学会联合泉州海外交通史博物馆,不仅设计出了展览,同时,配合展览还编撰了《梯航百货万国商——海上丝绸之路货币与贸易(泉州)》,这很有意义,值得称道。
“海上丝绸之路”是古代具有深远影响的商贸活动。早在2000多年前,我国东南沿海的徐闻港和合浦港就开启了对外贸易之门。唐以后,广州、宁波(明州)、泉州(刺桐)相继发展为对外开放的主要贸易港口。宋元时期,泉州对外贸易达到鼎盛,海上交通畅达二洋,成为与埃及亚历山大港齐名的世界第一大港口,与近百个国家和地区进行商贸往来;中国的丝绸、瓷器等通过泉州港源源不断运往海外,而波斯、阿拉伯世界的香料、珠宝等由此进入中国。明以后,因朝廷推行海禁政策,泉州的对外贸易逐渐走向衰落。15世纪地理大发现之后,兴起了全球贸易,随着贸易的转型,澳门、广州、漳州(月港)、安平港等地的海上丝绸之路贸易又有新的发展,特别是在隆庆开关之后,中国与世界的贸易,尤其是与欧洲的贸易迅速发展,并由此迎来了白银贸易的全盛时代,通过海上丝绸之路,欧洲、美洲以及日本的白银源源不断流向中国,对中国的经济社会、货币体系产生重大而深远的影响。
中国古代社会长期使用铜钱,这一方面是资源因素,另一方面,也是经济因素和文化因素所决定。中国古代白银产出很少,而铜铁资源丰富,再加上农耕社会自给自足的经济特点和青铜文化的深远影响,中国的货币从它诞生之时就选择了青铜作为主体货币(或本位货币),同时,传承了青铜时代的铸造技术,采用模范浇铸工艺制造,并一直延续至19世纪后期西方机制币技术的引入。
随着海上丝绸之路的发展,唐代白银进入货币领域。唐后期,应海上贸易的需要,铸造了五十两重船形银铤,专门用于大宗贸易,这也是中国古代最早的银两货币。宋金时期,随着内外贸易的发展,经济市场化、财富货币化的快速增长,白银在中国实现了从商品到货币的转化,银两不仅用于对外贸易,也用于税赋、贮藏和大额支付,并有了明确的银钱折换和比价关系。元朝,银、钱、钞并行,事实上开启了货币的白银化之路。明朝,伴随着地理大发现,大航海时代的到来,全球贸易迅猛发展,明政府在隆庆元年被迫开关,于是大量白银伴随着海上丝绸之路流入中国,对中国的财政政策和货币体系产生了极其深远的影响——张居正成功推广了“一条鞭法”,白银在中国取得了本位货币地位,不仅用于国际贸易、赋税、贮藏,还用于商品计价和日常支付、流通。
海上丝绸之路也把中国货币和文化带向世界,在东亚、东南亚、南亚、西亚及东非,以及欧洲和拉美等地,都有中国古代钱币的发现。东亚、东南亚及南亚诸国不仅用中国铜钱,而且还仿造中国钱币流通使用。2000余年来,把中国和海外国家与地区连接起来的海上丝绸之路对中国和世界的影响是广泛的,它把万里之遥的国度联系起来互通有无,不仅大大促进了商品流通、经济发展,还有效增进了远隔重洋地区人民彼此之间的了解和友谊,以及文化的交融。
泉州作为古代海上丝绸之路的起点城市,它在宋元中国对外贸易和文化交流繁盛时期所展示的历史,对今天“一带一路”建设具有重要的启示和价值。首先,古泉州刺桐城是一座热爱和平之城,它展示了和平友好的航海贸易、和平友好的对外政策、和平友好的文化交流、和平友好的国际番坊社区以及和平友好的刺桐人民。其次,古泉州刺桐城开创了一条和平友好的航海贸易之路,一条连接东西方的促进共同繁荣发展的国际海上大通道,一条东西方文明和多元文化包容互鉴的对话交流之路。再次,古泉州刺桐城提供了一份不同信仰不同民族不同种族友好相处的独具普遍价值的“刺桐和平精神”遗产。
古泉州刺桐城在海上丝绸之路贸易中所带来的丝路文化遗产和宝贵的海上丝绸之路精神遗产,特别是它所展示的与海上丝绸之路沿线各国人民和平友好的贸易往来和不同文化之间和平友好的交流对话,正是今天新丝路所提倡的,也是举办海上丝绸之路货币与贸易展及编辑出书的目的意义所在。
当下,由习近平总书记提出的“一带一路”倡议,正有序推进,并已得到了大多数“一带一路”沿线国家的积极响应,这对世界经济的发展、人民福祉的提升,构建“人类命运共同体”,必将发挥积极作用,产生深远影响。
时值“十九大”胜利召开,我国进入中国特色社会主义新时代之际,此书的出版,也是泉州钱币学会贯彻落实“十九大”精神的重要举措。
中国钱币博物馆馆长 周卫荣
二〇一七年十一月三日
PREFACE
The maritime Silk Road is constitutive of a vast and rich trove of international commerce and trade activities in ancient times that have left an indelible mark on human history. Use for these purposes began as far back as more than two thousand years ago at Xuwen Port and Hepu Port on China’s southeastern coast. Since the Tang dynasty,port cities such as Guangzhou,Ningbo (aka Mingzhou),and Quanzhou (aka Zayton) have one after another grown into important international trading hubs. During the Song and Yuan dynasties,with its trading capacities rendering accessible locations along the coasts of the Pacific and the Indian Oceans,Quanzhou reached its Golden Age and became a world-class port city in the same league as Alexandria of Egypt. It was a bustling place through which vast quantities of silk and China bound for the overseas market and spices and jewelry coming into China from places such as Persia and the Arab world passed. All told,trade between China and nearly one hundred countries and regions around the globe happened in or through Quanzhou over this period. Under the Ming government’s severe restrictions on trade,however,Quanzhou was set on a course of gradual decline. Following the discovery of the New World in the fifteenth century global trade entered a new era of rapid growth and transformation. Foreign trade over maritime routes began to thrive again in Macao,Guangzhou,Zhangzhou (Port of Yue) and Port of Anping,among other places. Growth of China’s international trade,especially with Europe,accelerated since the Longqing reign of the Ming dynasty. Most notably,trade in silver in particular reached unprecedented scale. The vast influx of the metal originating from Europe,the Americas and Japan had significant and long-term consequences for China’s economy,society and monetary system.
Copper was the material of choice for a very long time in ancient China for making coins. Resource availability was one reason,but there were also economic and cultural factors. Silver mining and production was extremely limited. By contrast,copper was abundantly available. Given the particular needs of an agriculture-based subsistence economy,and the profound legacy of the Bronze age,copper was China’s default choice for standard money since coinage first appeared. Traditional casting methods remained little changed for millennia,and only gave way to mechanized minting in the late 19th century when associated technologies from the west became available in China.
One consequence of the brisk growth of trade along the maritime Silk Road during the Tang dynasty was the beginning of silver coinage. In late Tang,boat-shaped silver bullions with a total weight of 50 liang were produced to meet the growing needs of maritime trade. They were used only for trading commodities. In fact,these were the first silver currency used in China. During the time of Song and Jin,expanding domestic and foreign trade facilitated marketization and boosted the mone
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