世界史pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载

书名：世界史pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载

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作者：（美）霍尔,窦温暖译

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出版时间：2013-02-01

书籍编号：30190252

ISBN：9787514127614

正文语种：中文

字数：365327

版次：1

所属分类：历史考古-世界史

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书名：世界史

作者：（美）霍尔

ISBN：9787514127614

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extinct adj.灭绝的；已灭；过世的

migrate adj.迁移；转移；移民；迁徙；移居；迁飞

species n.种类；树种类；茶剂

更新世，是地质时代第四纪早期，相当于地球历史上的旧石器时代

primitive adj.原始的，早期的

excavation n.挖掘；发掘；挖方；采掘

cranial adj.头盖的，头盖形的

eternal adj.永恒的，永久的

mad adj.疯了的，发疯的，神经错乱的

naked adj.裸露的

ashamed adj.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的

第一章　我们从哪里来

1.Origin of the Human　人类的起源

The Evolution of Ape-man　猿人的进化

The ape-man（formerly know as Homo erectus）is an extinctspecies of hominid that originated in Africa,and spread as far as India,China and Java,about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

猿人复原图

The first theory is that ape-man migrated from Africa during the Early Pleistocene,possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump,around 2.0 million years ago,and dispersed throughout much of the Old World.Fossilized remains 1.8 to 1 million years old have been found in Africa（e.g.，Lake Turkana and Olduvai Gorge），Europe（Georgiaand Spain），Indonesia（e.g.，Sangiran and Trinil），Vietnam,China（e.g.，Shaanxi）and India.

The second theory is that ape-man evolved in Asia and then migratedto Africa.The speciesoccupied a West Asian site called Dmanisi,in Georgia,from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago,at the same time or slightly before the earliest evidence in Africa.Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and chopping and 34 bone fragments from unidentified creatures.

猿人（也称直立人）是一个已经灭绝的古人类物种，约于1.8万至1.3万年前，起源于非洲，后迁徙至印度、中国和爪洼（今东南亚）等地区。

有一种理论认为猿人源于非洲，在早更新世晚期，距今约200万年左右，由于撒哈拉板块的运动和旧世界许多地方的分离而向外迁移。目前，已经在非洲（如图尔卡纳湖和奥杜威峡谷）、欧洲（格鲁吉亚和西班牙）、印度尼西亚（桑吉兰和特里尼尔）、越南、中国（如陕西）和印度等地发现其遗迹化石，距今约180～100万年。

第二个理论认为猿人起源于亚洲，并且在亚洲繁衍，然后迁移到非洲。该物种大约在185万到177万年前，在西亚的格鲁吉亚建立了一个定居点“德马尼斯”，这是这个时期或稍早时期猿人在非洲生存的最早证据。目前，已经发掘发现了73个用于切割和斩断不同物质的石制工具和34片动物碎骨。

The Use of Fire and Tools　对火和工具的运用

Homo ergaster used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its predecessors,however,used comparatively primitivetools.H.ergaster refined inherited Oldowan technology developing the first Acheulean bifacial axes：while the use of Acheulean tools began ca.1.6 million years ago,the line of H.erectus diverged some 200，000 years before the general innovation of Acheulean technology.Thus the Asian migratory descendants of H.ergaster made no use of any Acheulean technology.In addition,it has been suggested that H.erectus may have been thefirst hominid to use rafts to travel over.

人类演化示意图

Sites in Europe and Asia seem to indicate controlled use of fire by H.erectus.A presentation at the Paleoanthropology Society annual meeting in Montreal,Canada in March 2004 stated that there is evidence for used and controlled fires in excavationsin northern lsrael from about 690，000 to 790，000years ago.A site called Amata,located on the French Riviera,which lies on an ancient beach,seems to have been occupied by H.erectus；it contains the earliest evidence of controlledfire,dated at around 300，000 years BC.

图尔卡纳男孩

猿人是在使用石器工具上比其先祖更加多样化和复杂化，不过，他们使用的工具依然比较原始，他们继承了奥杜威技术并首次发展其为阿舍利双面斧。他们首次使用这种工具是在旧石器时代早期，约160万年前。在普遍使用阿舍利技术（考古学上对于史前人类石器工艺技术的称呼）的20万年前，猿人就出现了分支，但猿人的亚洲移民后裔没有使用阿舍利技术。考古发现，这一阶段猿人第一次使用木筏旅行。

直立人下颌骨的模型，法国

与此同时，欧洲和亚洲的一些发现也表明猿人有使用火的能力。2004年3月，在加拿大的蒙特利尔召开的古人类学年会中显示，在以色列北部一个距今约69万至79万年前的遗迹中找到了猿人控制火并使用火的证据。大概在公元前30万年，法国南海岸的一个古老海滩上名叫阿马塔的据点上已经有猿人居住，还有猿人使用火的证据。

Ancient Hunter—Gatherers　古代狩猎者——采集者

The ape-man was probably an ancient hunter-gatherers\'camp.And anthropologists such as Richard Leakey believe that it was more characteristic of modern humans than the south ape.At the same time,increased cranialcapacity generally coincides with the more sophisticated tools occasionally found with fossils.

The discovery of Turkana boy in 1984 gave evidence that,In the course of their anatomy,it may not have been capable of producing sounds comparable to modern human speech.Ergaster at least may have communicated with a pre-language lacking the fully developed structure of modern human language,but more developed than the basic communication used by chimpanzees.Turkana boy\'s discovery show that the existence of Homo sapiens capabilities of vocal sound.

Facts have proved that the ape-man has a series of progressive characteristics greatly expanded its adaptability.Therefore,The ape-man do not like their ancestry,as only members of wandering in the wilderness of Africa,but in later years doggedly out of Africa,spread to vast areas of Asia and many parts of Europe.

猿人很可能是一个古代狩猎—采集者的“营地”。人类学家理查德·利基等认为，猿人比之前的南方古猿更具有现代人类的特征。科学家还发现了同时代的与猿人脑容量增加相符合的更为复杂的工具。

1984年，图尔卡纳男孩遗骨于肯尼亚被发现，在对其解剖的过程中发现，它当时可能还没有与现代人类语言发音相近的声音。其语言结构与现代人类的语言结构相比有一定的缺陷，但比黑猩猩使用的基本语言功能发达。图尔卡纳男孩的发现表明猿人声带发声功能的存在。

事实证明，猿人所具有的一系列进步性特征大大地扩大了其适应性。因此，猿人再不像他们之前的那些人科成员那样仅仅在非洲的原野上徘徊，而是在后来的岁月里顽强地走出了非洲，散布到亚洲的广大区域以及欧洲的许多地区。

Origin of the Human in Bible—Adam and Eve　圣经中人类的起源——亚当和夏娃

When God made thefirst man,he called him Adam and put him in a beautiful garden,the Garden of Eden.Here Adam lived in peace with all the animals.God gave Adam eternallife.But before God mad thefirst woman,Adam was lonely in the garden.When God saw that Adam was lonely,he madEve.God took a rib from Adam when he was asleep one night.From Adam’s rib,God made Eve.Adam was happy when he woke up the next morning and found Eve next to him.God said to Adam and Eve.“Here in the garden you have everything,but you cannot have one thing：you cannot eat the apples from the Tree of Knowledge.”

亚当和夏娃

One day Satan came to the Garden of Eden.He changed into a serpent and went to live in the Tree of Knowledge.When Eve came near the tree one day,the serpent called her.He gave her an apple and said，“Here.Take this apple and eat it.Don\'t listen to God.Eat it.”After Eve took a bite,she took the apple to Adam.He was afraid,but Eve repeated again and again，“lt\'s good.Here.Eat it.Why not? So hefinally ate the apple.”

Before they ate the apple,Adam and Eve did not know that they were naked.But after they ate the apple,they were ashamedand covered their bodies with leaves.Godwas angry with them.He said，“Leave the garden.You cannot stay here. When Adam and Eve left the garden,they had theirfirst experience of pain and hard work in the cold hard world outside.”

在上帝造出第一个男人时，他给他起名为亚当，并将其放在一座美丽的伊甸园里。在这里，亚当和各种动物和睦相处。上帝给了亚当永恒的生命，但在他造出第一个女人之前，亚当一个人觉得很寂寞。上帝看到了亚当的寂寞，于是，一天夜里，上帝趁亚当睡着时从他身上取出一根肋骨，并用这根肋骨造出了第一个女人夏娃。第二天早上亚当醒来发现夏娃躺在他身旁时，非常高兴。上帝对亚当和夏娃说：“你们在园中什么都有。但有一样东西你们不能做：不能吃智慧树上的苹果。”

有一天，撒旦来到伊甸园，变成一条毒蛇盘绕在智慧树上。当夏娃来到树旁时，毒蛇把她叫过来，给了她一颗苹果说：“把这苹果拿去吃掉。不要听上帝的话，把它吃掉。”夏娃咬了一口之后把苹果带给亚当。亚当本来很害怕，但夏娃一再地说：“挺好的。来，把它吃掉。干吗不吃呢？”因此，最后他把苹果吃掉了。

在吃苹果之前，亚当和夏娃是不知道自己是赤身裸体的，吃了苹果之后，他们就感到难为情了，于是用树叶把身子遮了起来。上帝对他们恼怒了，他说：“离开伊甸园。你们不能再在这里居住了。”离开伊甸园之后，亚当和夏娃在外边寒冷艰难的世界里，第一次尝到了痛苦和艰苦劳动的滋味。

Anatomically ad.解剖学上，结构上

2.Make Fire for Civilization—Homo Sapiens　取火点燃文明——智人

What is Homo Sapiens　何为智人

Humans（known taxonomically as Homo sapiens,Latin for“wise man”or“knowing man”）are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae.They have a highly developed brain,capable of abstract reasoning,language,introspection,and problem solving.This capability combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects,has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth.

Like higher primates,humans are social animals.Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression,the exchange of ideas,and organization.Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups,from families to nations.Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values,social norms,and rituals,which together form the basis of human society.

智人复原图，德国赫恩

Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment,seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science,philosophy,mythology,and religion.This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills,which are passed down culturally.

人类（分类学上称为智人，为“智者”或“明知男子”的拉丁语）是类人猿家族中的唯一以两足行走的灵长类生物物种。他们拥有高度发达的大脑，并且具有思维能力、语言能力、反思能力和解决问题的能力，这些能力结合手可以控制肢体活动，使得人类比在地球上的其他物种，可以更大限度地使用工具。

大约90万年前的智人家庭（印度尼西亚雅加达国家博物馆）

与大多数最高级灵长类动物一样，人类是群居动物，是唯一擅长自我表达、交流思想并创立语言交流系统的物种。他们创造出了复杂的社会结构，从家庭到国家，有合作、有竞争。这些早期人类相互活动中所建立的价值观念、社会规范、礼仪共同构成了人类社会的基础。

通过科学、哲学、神话和宗教，人类表现出认识和改造自然的渴望，这种天生的好奇心，使得先进的工具得以应用、技术得以发展、文化获得传承。

The Development of Homo Sapiens　智人的发展

Anatomicallymodern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in Africa in the Middle Paleolithic,about 200，000 years ago.By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period（50，000 before present），full behavioral modernity,including language,music and other cultural universals had developed.

Evidence from archaeogenetics accumulating since the 1990s has lent strong support to the“out-of-Africa”scenario,and has marginalized the competing multiregional hypothesis,which proposed that modern humans evolved,at least in part,from independent hominid populations.

Geneticists Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending of the University of Utah propose that the variation in human DNA is minute compared to that of other species.They also propose that during the Late Pleistocene,the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs-no more than 10，000，and possibly as few as 1，000-resulting in a very small residual gene pool.

解剖学上的现代人类进化，大约是从20万年前中石器时代的非洲智人开始的。大约在旧石器时代早期（距今约5万年），智人完整的行为，包括语言、音乐和其他文化的共性都已经有所发展。

自20世纪90年代以来，人类基因学积累的证据给予了“向非洲外迁移”学说大力的支持，并且使多区域竞争的假设边缘化。多区域竞争的假设认为：现代人类的进化，至少在区域层面，是从各独立原始人群中进化的。

来自于犹他州大学的遗传学家琳·卓德和亨利·哈彭丁认为，人类DNA中变异的周期与其他物种相比，其实很短。他们还认为，在晚更新世期间（晚更新世也称上更新世，距今约13万年至1万年），人口基因减少到一个非常小的规模——不超过10，000，可能接近1，000，这是一个非常小的残余基因库。

3.Parents Take Turns to do Head of the Household—Matrilineal Society and Patrilineal Society　父母轮流当户主——母系氏族和父系氏族

Matrilineality　母系氏族

In the early stages of Clan society,women has enjoyed high status in society,to grasp the leadership of the clan.Lineage inherited by women,children and grandchildren taken ownership the mother.Yangshao is generally believed that is China\'s stage of matriarchal society.Yi Luo Kuishi American Indians is a typical matriarchal clan community.After Clan member\'s death,the property owned by the same people all the clan.The same clan has obligated for

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