书名：计算机专业英语（第4版）pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载

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作者：卜艳萍,周伟等编

出版社：电子工业出版社

出版时间：2013-04-01

书籍编号：30467299

ISBN：9787121200939

正文语种：中英对照

字数：95753

版次：4

所属分类：教材教辅-中职/高职

版权信息

书名：计算机专业英语（第4版）

作者：卜艳萍　周伟

ISBN：9787121200939

版权所有 · 侵权必究

前言

“计算机专业英语”是高职高专计算机应用类专业学生的重要工具课程，也是提高学生计算机知识和英语综合运用能力的课程。本教材采用最新的计算机专业技术资料，涵盖计算机硬件和软件技术、多媒体应用及计算机网络技术等专业知识。本课程的目的是使学生不仅能学到计算机专业英语词汇，扩大知识面，同时能掌握用英语表达专业知识的方法，配合计算机应用类专业教学计划的内容，提高阅读及理解专业英语资料的能力，掌握计算机专业文章翻译的方法和技巧。

这次修订，在《计算机专业英语（第3版）》的基础上，对全书的结构和内容做了调整。根据课文内容的相关性，全书分为4个单元。每单元都有一节专门讲述计算机专业英语的知识。各单元的最后一节是本单元的习题答案和课文参考译文。相对于第3版，本教材删除了原来5.2、5.3、6.1和6.3的相关课文内容。本教材增加的章节是1.1、1.2、1.6、2.6、2.7、3.7、4.3、4.6、4.8和4.9，其他章节均有修改。附录部分的专业词汇表和缩写词表补充了一些新词。

每单元有一节专门讲述计算机专业英语词汇、阅读、翻译及语法方面的知识，分别是：①计算机专业英语的词汇特点；②计算机专业英语的阅读与翻译；③专业英语中被动语态与长句的运用；④定语从句与状语从句。这部分内容对于学生学习课文，掌握专业词汇，顺利地阅读和翻译，准确地分析长句、难句、被动语态结构、从句结构等提供了帮助。

本书有以下9个方面的特点：

① 课文内容选用计算机各领域的最新知识，并考虑与计算机专业课程内容的一致性；

② 全书内容的组织注重实践性和实用性；

③ 课文A和课文B的难度、长度及词汇量适当；

④ 每课配有关键词、注释及大量习题；

⑤ 每课后的习题与课文内容配合，有利于学生掌握相关知识；

⑥ 课文的参考译文帮助学生理解文章的内容；

⑦ 介绍了必要的语法知识及专业文章的翻译方法及技巧；

⑧ 专业词汇方面的训练和附录中的专业词汇表及缩写词表帮助学生系统地掌握专业词汇；

⑨ 每个单元的最后部分是本单元的习题答案和译文，可在学习中参考。

本书由上海交通大学技术学院卜艳萍任主编，华东理工大学周伟任副主编。卜艳萍负责编写Unit 1、Unit 2的2.1～2.5、2.7～2.8和附录A，并完成全书的审校和统稿工作。周伟负责编写Unit 3、Unit 4。辽宁科技学院的胡楠负责编写Unit 2的2.6和附录B。参加本书编写工作的还有：何飞、刘雅琴、赵桂钦、陈绍东、周烨晴、邱遥，在此谨向他们表示衷心的感谢。同时，也对为本书出版而辛勤工作的电子工业出版社的朋友们表示诚挚的谢意。

由于作者水平有限，错漏及不当之处恳请同行与读者批评指正。

主编邮箱：ypbu＠sjtu.edu.cn

编 者

2012年10月于上海

Unit1 Hardware Knowledge

1.1 Hardware Basics

1.1.1 Text A

Combinational Circuit

A combinational circuit is a connected arrangement of logic gates with a set of inputs and outputs.At any given time，the binary values of the outputs are a function of the binary combination of the inputs.A block diagram of a combinational circuit is shown in Fig.1-1.The n binary input variables come from an external source，the m binary output variables go to an external destination，and in between there is an interconnection of logic gates.A combinational circuit transforms binary information from the given input data to the required output data.^[1]

Fig.1-1 Block diagram of a combinational circuit

A combinational circuit can be described by a truth table showing the binary relationship between the n input variables and the m output variables.The truth table lists the corresponding output binary values for each of 2ⁿ input combination.A combinational circuit can also be specified with m Boolean functions，one for each output variable.^[2] Each output function is expressed in terms of the n input variables.

Logic Systems

In a DC，or level-logic，system a bit is implemented as one of two voltage levels.If the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level，the system is said to employ DC positive logic.^[3] On the other hand，a DC negative-logic system is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level.It should be emphasized that the absolute values of the two voltages are of no significance in these definitions.In particular，the 0 state need not represent a zero voltage level（although in some systems it might）.

The parameters of a physical device are not identical from sample to sample，and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore，ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads，and other sources of unwanted signals，called noise，may present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely，but each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level，such as 4V±1V and 0.2V±0.2V.

In a dynamic，or pulse-logic，system a bit is recognized by the presence or absence of a pulse.A 1 signifies the existence of a positive pulse in a dynamic positive-logic system；a negative pulse denotes a 1 in a dynamic negative-logic system.In either system a 0 at a particular input（or output）at a given instant of time designates that no pulse is present at that particular moment.

Logic Circuits

The design of digital computers is based on a logical methodology called Boolean Algebra which uses three basic operations：logical addition，called the OR function；logical multiplica-tion，called the AND function；and logical complementation，called the NOT function.The variables in Boolean algebra are binary，namely，the resulting variable of an operation or a set of operations can have only one of the two values：One or Zero.These two values may also be interpreted as being True or False，Yes or No，and Positive or Negative.

A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of any two-state variable because it can only be“off”or“on”.^[4]

There are only three basic logic operations：the conjunction（logical product）commonly called AND；the disjunction（logic sum）commonly called OR；and the negation commonly called NOT.

Key Words

arrangement 排列，整理

combinational 组合的，合并的

complementation 互补，补足

conjunction 结合，联合，联系

designate 指出，指明

diagram 图形，图解

disjunction 分离，析取

interconnection 互联网络

methodology 方法学，方法论

multiplication 倍增，乘法运算

negation 否定，拒绝

negative-logic 负逻辑

represent 表示，代表

ripple 脉动，波动

significance 重要性，意义

spike 尖峰信号

Notes

[1]A combinational circuit transforms binary information from the given input data to the required output data.

说明：本句的介词短语“from…to…”作宾语补足语，进一步说明宾语“binary information”。

译文：组合电路通过传输二进制信息，使得给定的输入数据产生了所需要的输出数据。

[2]A combinational circuit can also be specified with m Boolean functions，one for each output variable.

说明：本句的“one for each output variable”是同位语。

译文：组合电路也能规定m种布尔函数，每种函数对应一个输出变量。

[3]If the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level，the system is said to employ DC positive logic.

说明：本句的“If the more positive voltage…”是条件状语。“the system is said to…”用被动语态表示客观叙述。

译文：如果较高的电压为1电平，而另一个是0电平，则称该系统使用的是直流正逻辑。

[4]A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of any two-state variable because it can only be“off”or“on”.

说明：本句的“because it can only be‘off’or‘on’”是原因状语从句。

译文：因为开关只能是“关”或“开”两个状态，所以它最适合表示两状态变量值了。

1.1.2 Text B

Bill Gates is an American business magnate，computer programmer and philanthropist.Gates is the former chief executive and current chairman of Microsoft，the world’s largest personal-computer software company，which he co-founded with Paul Allen.He is consistently ranked among the world’s wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2007.During his career at Microsoft，Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect，and remains the largest individual shareholder，with 8 percent of the common stock.He has also authored or co-authored several books.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution.In the later stages of his career，Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors，donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation，established in 2000.

Gates was born in Seattle，Washington.His father was a prominent lawyer，and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem.At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School，an exclusive preparatory school.Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973.He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973.While at Harvard，he met Steve Ballmer，who later succeeded Gates as CEO of Microsoft.

In his sophomore year，Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems presented in a combinatorics class by Harry Lewis，one of his professors.Gates’s solution held the record as the fastest version for over thirty years；its successor is faster by only one percent.His solution was later formalized in a published paper in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou.

Pancake sorting is a variation of the sorting problem in which the only allowed operation is to reverse the elements of some prefix of the sequence.Unlike a traditional sorting algorithm，which attempts to sort with the fewest comparisons possible，the goal is to sort the sequence in as few reversals as possible.This operation can be visualized by thinking of a stack of pancakes in which one is allowed to take the top k pancakes and flip them.A variant of the problem is concerned with burnt pancakes，where each pancake has a burnt side and all pancakes must，in addition，end up with the burnt side on top.

Gates did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard and spent a lot of time using the school’s computers.Gates remained in contact with Paul Allen，and he joined him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU，and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company.Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time.He had talked this decision over with his parents，who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.

After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800，Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems（MITS），the creators of the new microcomputer，to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.In reality，Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it；they merely wanted to gauge MITS’s interest.MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo，and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer，and then the BASIC interpreter.

The demonstration，held at MITS’s offices in Albuquerque was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC.Paul Allen was hired into MITS，and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975.They named their partnership“Micro-Soft”and had their first office located in Albuquerque.Within a year，the hyphen was dropped，and on November 26，1976，the trade name“Microsoft”was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies.

Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000.He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect.In June 2006，Gat

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