书名：美国文学选读pdf/doc/txt格式电子书下载

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作者：金文宁编

出版社：复旦大学出版社

出版时间：2013-11-01

书籍编号：30505522

ISBN：9787309101492

正文语种：中文

字数：174993

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所属分类：教材教辅-大学

版权信息

书名：美国文学选读

作者：金文宁

出版时间：2013-11-01

出版社：复旦大学出版社

ISBN：9787309101492

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前言

要了解一个国家、民族的文化，最直接的方法是学习其文学；而阅读经典的英语文学作品，又是学习英语语言最有效的途径。而从文学欣赏、艺术与学术素养的培育来说，阅读亦是最基本的手段，是文学教学的核心。以阅读为核心的文学教学，需要提供适合学生的阅读习惯、审美趣味与语言水平的读本。以学生的接受倾向为出发点，选择他们感兴趣的、能够与他们的人生经验、知识水平产生交流的作品，采用更适合他们的阅读与学习习惯的教学思路，是这本大学本科英语专业教材《美国文学选读》的独特之处。

本书为美国文学经典作品选读，包括诗歌、散文、短篇小说、长篇小说和戏剧，包含引导型的美国文学导读，对重要历史时期、流派、作家简明扼要的介绍，勾勒出全方位的美国文学图像。本书特点：1）所选作品主要考虑文学上的经典性，满足读者文学欣赏的需要；2）充分考虑到中国学生与读者的阅读习惯与语言水平，通过经典阅读、快乐阅读提高读者的语言与审美水平；3）所选作品在思想性、美学意义等方面仍可对当代中国学生有所启迪，为阅读教学的互动，文学阅读与生活、思考的互动提供了前提；4）每篇选文均有详尽的注解和介绍，帮助读者加深认识、获得最佳阅读效果；5）任务分解型的思考与练习，更符合学生的学习习惯，逐步引导其进入文学世界；6）为教师、学生和普通读者提供详细的使用方法及网络支持等，充分发挥其教学功能。

本书由金文宁、唐海东、贾晓庆、刘蜀云、穆婷五位老师在美国文学教学的基础之上共同研讨和编撰而成，是他们建设美国文学核心课程的成果。本书编写与出版过程中得到上海理工大学外语学院有关领导及复旦大学出版社唐敏和郑梅侠的大力支持，在此特表感谢。

编者　2013年8月

使用说明

本书由两大板块组成。第一大板块为中文的美国文学导读，简要介绍了自北美印第安人的口头文学以来美国文学重要作家作品及主要流派与事件，给读者一个美国文学的简明轮廓，也可用作有关考试文学常识部分的备考材料；这个板块主要对本书的学习起引导作用。第二大板块为正文。正文的主体为美国文学作品原文选编，包括诗歌、散文、短篇小说所选作品的全文以及长篇小说和戏剧所选作品的节选。每篇课文前，以作者为标题的中文介绍，包括作家生平、阅读引导等内容，引导读者进入阅读状态；课文后有针对性的思考与练习，促使读者进行独立思考，深化对作品的理解与认识。

本书可作为具有一定英语水平的普通读者学习英语语言、接触美国文学、了解美国文化的基本读物。读者可根据中文介绍与导读，参照课文后的思考与练习进行文本阅读，在阅读、思考以寻找答案的过程中加深对作品的理解，并得到学习经典英语语言的机会。

作为高等学校英语专业教材，本书可作为一学期或两学期使用。如作为一学期使用，建议选用其中的两篇散文、4篇短篇小说、7首诗歌作为精读教材，其余诗歌、全部戏剧、两部长篇小说作泛读教材，要求学生在课外阅读所选戏剧和长篇小说的全文，其余作品鼓励学生课外读完。如作为两学期使用，第一学期可选择两篇散文、4篇短篇小说、7首诗歌作精读教材，一部戏剧、一部长篇小说作泛读教材；第二学期可选择两篇散文、4篇短篇小说、7首诗歌作精读教材，其余散文和诗歌、一部长篇小说和一部戏剧作泛读教材，其余作品鼓励学生课外读完。作泛读的戏剧可鼓励学生进行戏剧表演，教师应尽可能为戏剧表演甚至比赛创造条件（可以利用课文里的戏剧或者其他体裁改编成戏剧表演）；作泛读教材的长篇小说同样要求学生在课外阅读全文，并鼓励学生阅读更多的长篇小说。

美国文学导读

美国文学的历史与其多民族生活、多元文化的形成紧密相关，它是国家的、族群的，也是个人的文学；它兼容多种审美倾向与不同的价值观，也有过曲折发展的历史，因此一方面丰富多彩、极其复杂，另一方面则充满了活力。美国建国后的两百多年里，产生了如此之多的经典作家与作品，不能不令世界感到惊异。我们学习美国文学的动机，在于这些优秀的文学作品不仅凝聚了英语语言的精华，承载了美国文化的内核，还让我们体悟到美国的过去、现在与将来。

目前，国内外学术界一般将美国文学史分为5个阶段，我们就以此为依据，对美国文学之著名作家、作品与主要流派、理论与事件作一简单介绍，为读者深入阅读提供基本线索。

Essay

Unit 1　Thomas Jefferson

托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson，1743-1826），政治家、政论家，《独立宣言》（The Declaration of Independence，1776）主要起草人，美国第三任总统（1801—1809）。

出生于弗吉尼亚州大庄园主家庭，早期教育受希腊罗马古典的熏陶，在威廉和玛丽学院学习期间对自然哲学兴趣浓厚，毕业后成为庄园主兼律师，1769年当选弗吉尼亚下议院议员，1772年结婚，生有6个孩子，只有两个长大成人，1782年妻子去世后终生未再娶。1774年“波士顿倾茶事件”之后，他撰文《英属北美权利综述》（“A Summary View of British America”，1774），成为早期倡导美国独立的著名人士。1775年当选大陆会议成员，1776年受大陆会议委派，负责起草《独立宣言》的初稿。1779年当选弗吉尼亚州州长（1779-1781），在任期间撰写《建立宗教自由法案》（“Act of Establishing Religious Freedom”）一文，1786年这一具有历史意义的法案被通过。明确了建立政教分离的原则，是杰斐逊重要成就之一。1784年身为众议院州代表的杰斐逊向国会递交《西部领土政府报告》（“Report of Government for the Western Territories”）草案，其中关于废除奴隶制的条款在国会1784年通过的法令中被删除，但被1787年的西北法令采纳，促使奴隶制在当时西北各州被废除。1784年出版的《弗吉尼亚州笔记》（Notes on the State of Virginia）不仅详细描写了该州的自然风景，还以雄辩的语言捍卫宗教自由。1785年，杰斐逊继富兰克林出任美国驻法公使（1785-1789），4年后回国，被乔治·华盛顿任命为美国第一任国务卿（1789-1793），1797-1801年在约翰·亚当斯任总统期间出任副总统，1801-1809年首次连任美国两届总统，任职期间尽量减小联邦政府规模，裁减军队和外交机构。卸任后热心于科学、哲学和建筑等许多领域的研究，于1819年设计、创建了弗吉尼亚大学。1813年，与以前的政敌亚当斯（Adams）握手言和，从此与他交流过很多关于国家事务的信件，这些信被出版成册，题名《亚当斯-杰斐逊通信集》。杰斐逊为自己撰写的墓志铭称自己为“美国独立宣言的起草人、弗吉尼亚宗教自由法令的作者和弗吉尼亚大学之父”。

《独立宣言》沿用启蒙时期的政府契约论，认为政府来自人民授权，故应尊重人民的权利、保护他们的自由，若破坏这一契约精神，侵犯人民的神圣权利，人民就有充分的理由将其推翻。文中列举了大量事实，证明英国政府多年来对殖民地人民权利的侵犯和践踏，从而宣告殖民地人民反抗的正当性。《宣言》语言简洁，结构清晰，论证雄辩有力，但始终保持平静、克制而有尊严的语气，成为美国最具根本性的政治文献，也成为世界政治史上具有划时代意义的文本之一。

The Declaration of Independence as Adopted by Congress⁽¹⁾

IN CONGRESS⁽²⁾，July 4，1776．

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States⁽³⁾ of America．

When，in the Course of human events，it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another，and to assume among the powers of the earth，the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature⁽⁴⁾ and of Nature\'s God entitle them，a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation．

We hold these truths to be self-evident，that all men are created equal，that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights，that among these are Life，Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness．That to secure these rights，Governments are instituted among Men，deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed，That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends，it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it，and to institute new Government，laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form，as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness．Prudence，indeed，will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes；and accordingly all experience hath shewn，that mankind are more disposed to suffer，while evils are sufferable，than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed．But when a long train of abuses and usurpations，pursuing invariably the same Object，evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism，it is their right，it is their duty，to throw off such Government，and to provide new Guards for their future security．—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies⁽⁵⁾；and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government．The history of the present King of Great Britain⁽⁶⁾ is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations，all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States．To prove this，let Facts be submitted to a candid world．

He has refused his Assent to Laws，the most wholesome and necessary for the public good．

He has forbidden his Governors⁽⁷⁾ to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance，unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained；and when so suspended，he has utterly neglected to attend to them．

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people，unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature⁽⁸⁾，a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only．

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual，uncomfortable，and distant from the depository of their public Records，for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures．

He has dissolved Representative Houses⁽⁹⁾ repeatedly，for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people．

He has refused for a long time，after such dissolutions，to cause others to be elected；whereby the Legislative powers，incapable of Annihilation，have returned to the People at large for their exercise；the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without，and convulsions within．

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States；for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization⁽¹⁰⁾ of Foreigners；refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither，and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands．

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice，by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers．

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone，for the tenure of their offices，and the amount and payment of their salaries．

He has erected a multitude of New Offices，and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people，and eat out their substance．

He has kept among us，in times of peace，Standing Armies⁽¹¹⁾ without the Consent of our legislatures．

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power．

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution，and unacknowledged by our laws；giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation：

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us：

For protecting them，by a mock Trial，from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States：

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world：

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent：

For depriving us in many cases，of the benefits of Trial by Jury：

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences：

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province⁽¹²⁾，establishing therein an Arbitrary government，and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies：

For taking away our Charters⁽¹³⁾，abolishing our most valuable Laws，and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments：

For suspending our own Legislatures，and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever．

He has abdicated Government here，by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us．

He has plundered our seas，ravaged our Coasts，burnt our towns，and destroyed the lives of our people．

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries⁽¹⁴⁾ to complete the works of death，desolation and tyranny，already begun with circumstances of cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages，and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation．

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas⁽¹⁵⁾ to bear Arms against their Country，to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren，or to fall themselves by their Hands．

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us，and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers，the merciless Indian Savages⁽¹⁶⁾，whose known rule of warfare，is an undistinguished destruction of all ages，sexes and conditions．

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms：Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury．A Prince⁽¹⁷⁾ whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant，is unfit to be the ruler of a free people．

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren．We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us．We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here．We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity，and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations，which，would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence．They

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